This research explains the comparison of regulations on mosque loudspeakers between Indonesia and Muslim countries in the world. Guidelines for the use of mosque loudspeakers in Indonesia are regulated in the Instruction of the Director-General of Islamic Community Guidance at the Ministry of Religious Affairs Number 101 of 1978 concerning Guidance on the Use of Loudspeakers in Mosques and Musala and the Circular Letter of the Minister of Religion Number 5 of 2022 concerning Guidelines for the Use of Loudspeakers in (...) Mosques and Musala. Primary data of this study includes the 1978 Instructions and the 2022 Circular Letters. Secondary data is obtained from relevant literature sources and regulations on the use of mosque loudspeakers in several Muslim countries in the world, namely Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Syria, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, Egypt, and Malaysia. This research finds the concept of moderation of regulations on mosque loudspeakers in Indonesia. The findings of this research can be used as a guide model for drafting the contents of mosque loudspeaker regulations in several Muslim countries around the world by relying on three moderate aspects regarding the rules of time (public morals), volume (public health), and sound quality of mosque loudspeakers (public convenience). (shrink)

Ultimate value is rarely fully realized as people have to maintain a balance between values in their everyday life. Robbins notes, however, that it may be perfectly exemplified through ritual. In this paper, I want to show that the perfect exemplification of a value that fundamentally matters to a society may otherwise be attained through the incorporation of an overwhelming stranger. Anthropologists have shown that the presence of a potent foreigner incites a sense of categorical disunity that leads to the (...) dialectical counter movement to assimilate them. In this imaginary process of establishing a new unity, I argue, people are not simply attempting to incorporate the pervading stranger but also to encompass them within their hierarchically arranged idea of value. Subsequently, during the moment of assimilation - which can occur through myth, ritual, or other social forms - the community makes their ultimate value socially present. I will try to exemplify my argument by examining key cultural representations of the other among upland-lowland people in North Seram, Eastern Indonesia. (shrink)

“The truth is that interreligious contacts, together with ecu- menical dialogue, now seem to be obligatory paths, in order to ensure that the many painful wounds inflicted over the course of centuries will not be repeated, and indeed that any such wounds still remaining will soon be healed” (John Paul II, Rome, November 13, 1992). By “obliga- tory path” the late John Paul II means that interreligious dialogue is one of the urgent ways for Christians as well as people of (...) other faiths to cultivate a theological sense of togetherness. I have recently published such a topic in Dialog Interreligius: Historisitas, Tesis, Pergumulan, Wajah (Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2010). The book depicts a lengthly attempt to study interreligious dialogue from several perspectives. I would call such per- spectives “history, thesis, discourse, and face.” This article is a sort of executive summary of the research that indicates the methodology and face of the pastoral activities of a particular Church, Indonesia. Study of interreligious dialogue should include or even start from the existential experience of the very protagonists, i. e. local Churches that live their daily life with people of other faiths. Keywords: Dialog interreligius (Inter-religous dialogue), perspektif (persepctive), Konsili Vatikan II (Second Vatican Council), historisitas (his- toricity), tesis (thesis), wajah dialogal (dialogical picture), pastoral (pastoral). (shrink)

Discussions about politics and human power, including discussions about the concept of the state, have been a discussion that has been going on since Greek times until the time of the growth of Islamic philosophy. The overemphasis on the power of reason led early modern Western societies to reject religion in all political discourse. At this stage, all views of man, power, the constitution, and the state eventually ceased to be associated with God. On the other hand, especially among Muslims, (...) religion is still connected with discussions of politics and human power. This paper will reveal how secularization in political thought grew and developed through principles such as the state of nature and the social contract. Then, based on the thought of one of the influential Muslim scholars, Syed Muhammad Naquib Al-Attas, the author tries to provide a critique of the views of Western thinkers such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and other philosophers, by presenting the concept of the ideal state form derived from the concept of tamaddun formulated by Al-Attas. This research is literature review research using the descriptive method. The findings of this research show that secularization is a product purely born by Western secular thinkers and not taken from any religious teachings, so Western political concepts cannot always be applied, especially in Muslim societies. (shrink)

Social identity is embedded in social structures, generated by various social processes, and has multiple dimensions. We report findings from a laboratory experiment eliciting two-dimensional social identities: a horizontal identity determined either randomly or by preferences and a vertical identity defined by income status and determined either by luck or performance. We also vary income gaps between vertical identity groups. Participants make redistributive allocation decisions between two beneficiaries differing in identity attributes. We find robust evidence of in-group favoritism and that (...) both the identity distance between the allocator and the in-group recipient and income gaps influence the degree of in-group favoritism. (shrink)

In this article, we first review the development of clinical ethics in pediatrics in the United States. We report that, over the last 40 years, most children’s hospitals have ethics committees but that those committees are rarely consulted. We speculate that the reasons for the paucity of ethics consults might be because ethical dilemmas are aired in other venues. The role of the ethics consultant, then, might be to shape the institutional climate and create safe spaces for the discussion of (...) difficult and sometimes contentious issues. Finally, we report how pediatric clinical ethics has evolved differently in a number of other countries around the world. (shrink)

Suffering is often experienced by those who obey God, while happiness is experienced by those who do not know God. This study aims to re-examine theodicy about disasters and calamities and tries to provide alternative thoughts regarding the relationship between God, accidents and humans, based on the story of Job. This research methodology is a qualitative approach through library research, by reading books and journals and investigating related books. Hermeneutic principles are also used to understand the meaning of the signs (...) and symbols in the text. The results of this study indicate that the concept of anthropodicy stands as a complement to the idea of theodicy, which can help humans - especially believers - to understand the meaning of suffering and their vocation in a world full of uncertainty while still having faith in God, who is sovereign over all.Contribution: This article contributes to providing an understanding of anthropodicy from Job’s perspective, so that humans see suffering as God’s sovereignty and as something that God allows in order to see God’s omnipotence. (shrink)

We analyze contestants’ behavior in the game show “The Weakest Link”. We focus on banking decisions, where a contestant chooses to secure an amount of money for the eventual winner, or to risk it on a general knowledge question. We find that contestants do not use the banking strategy that maximizes total expected prize money. Average earnings could be at least 17% higher. Our results suggest that contestants are not overconfident, but do try to convince other contestants that their ability (...) is higher than it really is, in order to increase chances of winning the prize. We argue that this mechanism may also be applicable to other situations that are of economic interest. (shrink)

Berikut ini diperkenalkan tiga buku yang ditulis oleh para dosen Sekolah Tinggi Filsafat dan Teologi Widya Sasana di Malang tentang bagaimana Gereja Katolik perlu menempatkan diri dalam ruang publik Indonesia. Fokus buku pertama, tulisan Prof. Dr. Armada Riyanto (2014), adalah ajaran sosial Gereja Katolik, jadi ajaran mengenai bagaimana Gereja Katolik memahami panggilannya dalam masyarakat yang sekaligus menjadi ruang publiknya. Sepintas alur buku ini dapat mem- bingungkan karena penulis suka melancong ke pelbagai bidang sam- pingan, apalagi ia tidak menjelaskan susunan (...) bukunya. Namun kekaya- an buku ini justru terletak dalam luasnya acuan, penjelasan pelbagai latar belakang, serta perhatian pada konteks-konteks ajaran sosial Gereja yang diangkat penulis. Dengan demikian pembaca dibantu dalam mencari bagaimana umat Katolik Indonesia dapat memberikan sum- bangannya bagi bangsanya dalam segala pergulatannya. Bagian kedua, mulai dari bab ke-10, memasuki situasi umat Katolik Indonesia sebagai minoritas yang sepertinya masih “kurang memiliki” (187). Bertolak dari catatan bahwa waktu Congregatio Missionis (Romo-romo CM) mengam-bil alih wilayah Jawa Timur dari romo-romo Yesuit hanya ada 40 umat Katolik Jawa tercatat (hal. 203), bab 11 menjelaskan kesulitan yang dialami Gereja Katolik sejak dari permulaan abad ke-19 dalam bergiat di Hindia Belanda. Namun kemudian dijelaskan bagaimana orang Katolik Jawa, di antara- nya Pak Kasimo, sebelum Kemerdekaan sudah berjuang sebagai nasionalis Indonesia tulen. Bagian ketiga, dimulai dari bab 12, membahas sifat dialogal ajaran sosial Gereja dalam pelbagai dimensi. Bahwa iman dan teologi Gereja secara hakiki bersifat dialogal merupakan kesadaran teologis (dan sosiologis) baru. Daripada hanya berpegang teguh pada suatu ajaran yang sudah membatu menjadi tradisi, lalu dibawa begitu saja ke dalam dunia, Gereja menyadari bahwa iman maupun teologinya selalu bergerak dalam medan masyarakat di mana Gereja berhadapan dengan segala macam pemikiran dan tanta-ngan. Dengan sifat dialogal dimaksud bahwa iman dan teologi Gereja mau tak mau terwujud dalam menghadapi tantangan-tantangan itu. Kekuatan buku Prof. Armada ini adalah bahwa ia menempatkan ajaran sosial Gereja yang pokok-pokoknya sudah sering diuraikan ke dalam pelbagai konteks, dengan implikasi-implikasi dan acuan pada pelbagai pengalaman Gereja. Pembaca menemukan banyak petunjuk bagaimana ajaran sosial Gereja Katolik dapat menjadi inspirasi bagi umat Katolik Indonesia. Ada juga beberapa kelemahan. Tidak ada daftar nama. Dan barangkali cakupan uraiannya terlalu luas. Misalnya uraian panjang lebar tentang paham Platon dan Aristoteles tentang keadilan sebenarnya kurang relevan, begitu pula uraian tentang perkembangan pemikiran filosofis tentang demokrasi. Padahal pertanyaan sangat relevan, yang muncul di banyak negara, bagaimana sebuah minoritas berpartisipasi dalam sistem demokrasi tidak didiskusilan. Mengapa fungsi suatu Partai Katolik di Indonesia tidak diangkat, padahal seku- rang-kurangnya sudah tiga kali menjadi debat besar dan panas dalam umat Katolik Indonesia: 1960 di zaman demokrasi terpimpin, 1971 sesudah pemilihan umum pertama di bawah presiden Suharto, dan 1999 di masa reformasi. Betul, persepsi “kemiskinan struktural” dibuka dengan Rerum Novarum (h. 24), tetapi istilah itu sendiri tidak ditemukan di dalamnya, melainkan berasal dari teologi pembebasan. Karena penulis menganggap “pluralisme” tak punya arti di luar “pluralitas,” penulis tidak masuk ke dalam kontroversi tajam tentang pluralisme di Indone- sia. Fatwa MUI tentang pluralisme tidak didiskusi-kan. Uraian panjang tentang pendidikan Katolik yang sangat optimis tinggal normatif. Padahal dalam kenyataan Gereja Katolik, juga di Indonesia, biasanya justru mempertahankan pegangan eksklusif atas pendidikan. Dalam kaitan ini seharusnya penolakan UU Sisdiknas — dengan keharusan memberikan pelajaran agama kepada para siswa sesuai dengan agama mereka — oleh sebagian besar penanggap Katolik didiskusikan. Namun kekurangan-kekurangan ini tidak menghilangkan bahwa buku ini amat memperkaya pustaka Katolik berbahasa Indonesia tentang panggilan Gereja, juga panggilan Gereja Indonesia, dalam masyarakat (Franz Magnis-Suseno, Guru Besar Ilmu Filsafat Emeritus, Sekolah Tinggi Filsafat Driyarkara, Jakarta). (shrink)

Pekakak adalah salah satu tokoh yang memiliki pengetahuan mendalam dan perencanaan yang cermat. Saat fajar menyingsing, ia terlihat bertengger di atas pohon. Dengan kemampuan sempurna untuk mengontrol kecepatan penerbangan miliknya, seperti kapan harus memperlambat atau mempercepat, dia dapat dengan mudah menghitung cara optimal untuk menangkap ikan.

Buku kedua suntingan Raymundus Sudhiarsa dan Paulinus Yan Olla (2015) memuat duapuluh tulisan — sumbangan dosen-dosen STFT Widya Sasana pada hari Studi 2015 — yang berfokus pada dua dokumen tulisan kunci Paus Fransiskus: “Evangelii Gaudium” (2013) dan “Misericodiae Vultus” (2015). Hari Studi itu mengangkat pertanyaan bagaimana menjawab tantangan agar Gereja Indonesia menjadi “gem- bira dan berbelaskasih.” Tulisan-tulisan ini dibagi dalam empat kelom- pok: Tinjauan historis, tinjauan biblis, tinjauan filosofis dan sosio-kultural, dan tinjauan teologis-pastoral, disusul penutup. Saya membatasi diri pada beberapa (...) catatan saja. Dari empat tulisan “tinjauan historis” yang langsung sangat menarik adalah tulisan pertama (oleh Edison R. L. Tinambunan) tentang kenyataan bahwa kristianitas telah sampai ke Sumatra lebih dari seribu tahun lalu, dan dibawa terutama oleh kaum awam. Cukup menarik apa yang kemudian ditulis oleh Armada Riyanto tentang dua penulis sejarah Gereja Indonesia, Martinus Muskens dan Karel Steenbrink, disusul tulisan tentang Gereja di zaman pendudukan Jepang. Apa yang ditulis oleh Kristoforus Bala tentang peran devosi pada Ibu Maria dalam evangelisasi di Nusa Tenggara bagi banyak pembaca Indonesia barangkali masih baru. Dari empat tulisan “tinjauan biblis-teologis” dua mengenai Perjanjian Lama......................................................................... Dari tiga tulisan penutup yang pertama, dari Merry Teresa Sri Rejeki, menjelaskan dua dokumen yang menjadi fokus tulisan-tulisan jilid ini: “Evangelii Gaudium” dan “Misericordiae Vultus.” Seberikutnya Piet Go menjelaskan secara skematis mengapa iman Gerejani perlu “bergembira” dan “berbelas-kasih.” Buku ditutup dengan “Sukacitaku,” puisi St. Teresia dari Kanak-kanak Yesus. Sebagai kesimpulan: buku ini — meskipun ada beberapa kelemahan, terutama uraian-uraian teoretis yang agak berlebihan dan absennya perhatian pada sekian kontroversi baik dalam masyarakat maupun dalam Gereja berkaitan dengan hal- hal yang dibahas — amat kaya, mencerahkan dan bisa memperdalam pengertian tentang iman Gereja serta betapa penting dan perlu Gereja Indonesia mengikuti ajakan Paus Fransiskus untuk memancarkan kegembiraan dan belaskasihan Ilahi ke dalam masyarakat (Franz Magnis- Suseno, Guru Besar Ilmu Filsafat Emeritus, Sekolah Tinggi Filsafat Driyarkara, Jakarta). (shrink)